Five steps for migrating applications to containers

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In general, it's a good thing that people want to use your app. However, application popularity comes at a price when the application is running on the server. As user demand for resources increases, at some point you may find that you need to extend your application. One option is to add more servers in this case and set up a load balancer like Nginx to meet the demand.

However, this approach can be expensive because running instances of your application on servers with no traffic will not save resources when demand is low. The advantage of a container is that it is non-persistent, starting new instances when the need arises, and fading away as the need diminishes. If this sounds like the functionality you need, now might be the time to migrate your application to containers.

Migrating applications to containers can quickly become disoriented. While the environment inside the container may feel familiar, many container images are minimized, and they are designed to be stateless. But in a way, that's one of the advantages of containers. Like the Python virtual environment, it is a blank SLATE that allows you to build (or rebuild) your application without the invisible defaults that many other environments provide.

Each migration to cloud services is unique, but there are a few important principles you should keep in mind before porting your applications to containers.

  1. Understand your dependencies
    Porting your application to a container is a great opportunity to learn what your application actually depends on. Because there are few components installed by default beyond the most basic system components, your application is unlikely to run in a container at first.

Before refactoring, determine your dependencies. First, grep through your source code to find include, import, require, use, or any keywords in your language of choice that you use to declare dependencies.

$ find ~/Code/myproject -type f \
    -iname ".java" \
    -exec grep import {} \;

However, it may not be enough to just identify the language-specific libraries you use. Audit dependencies so that you know whether the language itself is running the low-level libraries required, or whether specific modules are functioning as expected.

  1. Evaluate your data store
    Containers are stateless, and when a container crashes or stops running, instances of that container are lost forever. If you want to save data in that container, that data will also disappear. If your application stores user data, all storage must occur outside of the container, somewhere that instances of your application can access.

You can use local storage mapped to a location within the container to store simple application configuration files. This is a common technique for Web applications that require an administrator to provide simple configuration values, such as an administrator's E-mail address, Web site titles, and so on. Such as:

$ podman run \
    --volume /local/data:/storage:Z \
    mycontainer

However, you can configure a database, such as MariaDB or PostgreSQL, to share large amounts of data in several containers. For private information, such as passwords, you can configure a confidential stor

For how you need to refactor your code and adjust storage locations accordingly, this might mean changing paths to new container storage mappings, migrating to different databases, or even incorporating container-specific modules.

  1. Prepare your Git repository
    Containers typically pull source code from Git repositories at build time. Once your Git repository becomes the standard source of production-ready code for your application, you must have a plan for managing your Git repository. Have a publish or production branch, and consider using Git hooks to reject unexpected unapproved commits.
  2. Know your build system
    Containerized applications may not have a traditional release cycle. When containers are built, they are pulled out of Git. You can start any number of build systems as part of a container build, but this may mean tweaking your build system to be more automated than in the past. You should refactor your build process so that you have complete confidence that it will work unattended.
  3. Build an image
    Building images doesn't have to be a complex task. You can use an existing container image as a base and tweak it with a simple Docker file. Alternatively, you can build your own image from scratch using Buildah.

To some extent, the process of building containers is as much a part of development as the actual refactoring of code. Containers are built to capture, assemble, and execute your application, so the process must be automated and robust. By building a good mirror, you have built a solid foundation for your application.

The container is changed
If you're new to containers, don't be intimidated by jargon. The container is just another environment. The perceived constraints of containerized development can actually help you focus on your application and better understand how it works, what it needs to run reliably, and what the potential risks are when things go wrong. Instead, this results in the system administrator having far fewer restrictions when installing and running your application, because the container is, by nature, a controlled environment. Take a close look at your code, know what your application needs, and refactor it accordingly.

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Five steps for migrating applications to containers